1.50: Explain How the Structures of Diamond, Graphite and C60 Fullerene Influence their Physical properties, Including Electrical Conductivity and Hardness

GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURE: Contains many Non-Metal atoms joined to adjacent atoms by Covalent Bonds, forming a Giant Lattice Structure

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DIAMOND

Diagram showing the Structure of Diamond

PROPERTIES: HARD s Each Carbon atom is joined to four other Carbon atom to form a Giant Covalent Structure Strong covalent bonds are difficult to break s HIGH MELTING POINT (SUBLIMATES) s Giant Covalent Structure so there are many strong covalent bonds that need to be broken down Large amounts of heat energy is therefore needed to overcome forces and break down bonds s DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY s All four valence Electrons are used in covalent bonds so there are no delocalised Electrons that are mobile to conduct electricity

USES: Cutting Tools Jewellery

GRAPHITE

Diagram showing the Structure of Graphite

PROPERTIES: SOFT AND SLIPPERY s Forces of attraction between layers are weak so layers can easily slide over one another and be separated s HIGH MELTING (SUBLIMATES) s Giant Covalent Structure so there are many strong covalent bonds that needs to be broken down Large Amounts of heat energy is needed to overcome forces and break down bonds s CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY s Only three valence Electrons are used in forming covalent bonds Fourth Electron is delocalised and free to move between layers to conduct an electric charge

USES: Lubricant Electrodes for Electrolysis

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C60 FULLERENE

Diagram showing the Structure of C60 Fullerene

PROPERTIES: SOFT s Each Carbon atom is joined to only three other Carbon atoms so has weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules Bonds can be broken down easily making it soft s LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINT Each Carbon atom is joined to only three other Carbon atoms so has weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules Hence, only small amounts of heat energy is needed to overcome forces and break down bonds s CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY s Only three valence Electrons are used in forming covalent bonds Fourth electron is delocalised and free to move to conduct an electric charge

USES: Drug Delivery System in the Body (Nanotubes) Lubricant Catalyst